Skeptics and Christians alike often find it difficult to reconcile how God is presented in the Old Testament compared to the New Testament. With a quick read it seems the God of the Old Testament is different than the God of the New Testament. Thus, it is no surprise that many ask questions like, “Why are Old Testament laws so harsh?” “Why does God seem so mean in the Old Testament?” “Why does God seem so different in the Old Testament?” Or “Why is the Old Testament so full of violence when Jesus seems so peaceful?”
There’s many different ways to approach questions revolving around the apparent differences between the Old and New Testament. One way is to go through each and show how God was actually quite merciful before Christ came and how God will still shows his wrath over sin even after he sent his Son to earth.
Doing that is helpful and good. But to deny that God does act different than he did in the Old Testament seems disingenuous. As Christians, we can’t deny how harsh, severe, and violent some of the laws really are in the Old Testament compared to the commands to be gracious, loving, and kind in the New Testament.
So perhaps what would be more helpful would not be to deny that there is a difference (to some degree), but to explain why there is a difference. Rather than deny that the Old Testament laws are harsh, let’s look at why there is a difference in how God acted then compared to now.
Harsh Old Testament Laws Are Meant to Show Us Our Sinfulness
To understand why the Old Testament laws seem so harsh and different compared to the New Testament, we need to take a macro perspective of God’s redemptive plan.
In the Old Testament we learn that God made the world perfect, people sinned, and then God gave commands to Israel to show them how they ought to live. God gave commands because people were not acting the way he had originally made them to act. He gave them commands to show them how to act towards a holy God (Leviticus 20:26, 1 Peter 1:16). But he also gave them commands to show them their sin:
In fact, it was the law that showed me my sin” (Romans 7:7 NLT).
“For no one can ever be made right with God by doing what the law commands. The law simply shows us how sinful we are” (Romans 3:20).
Jesus Explains Harsh Old Testament Laws Do Not Reflect God’s Original Plan
In the New Testament, Jesus came to restore what went wrong. The Old Testament pattern was that God created everything perfect, man sinned, and then he sent laws because everyone was sinful. The New Testament pattern works the other direction. Man was already sinful, the laws already existed, Jesus came to heal man of his sinfulness, and thus the laws became obsolete when sin is taken away. They became obsolete not because they no longer applied, but through the gospel of Jesus Christ he fulfilled them on our behalf and applied God righteousness to us (Matthew 5:17).
Jesus came to restore what was lost, he came to change the world back to the way God had originally intended it. We are in the process of that full recovery happening, and when Christ returns a second time we will see the full redemption. Thus you can see throughout the New Testament a lessening emphasis on laws because sin is losing its grip on the Christian’s heart. When Jesus restores us fully and our sinful nature no longer exists, there will be no more laws at all since we will all live perfectly without being told what to do and what not to do.
The point is this: the Old Testament laws, including the harsh ones, are not a reflection of the world God originally intended. For example, God made rules for slavery not because he supported slavery but because this sinful world was full of people who practiced it. God made rules for how men were to divorce their wives not because God supported divorce but because the human heart was so hard he knew it was going to happen. For as Matthew 19:7-9 explains:
They said to him, “Why then did Moses command one to give a certificate of divorce and to send her away?” He said to them, ‘Because of your hardness of heart Moses allowed you to divorce your wives, but from the beginning it was not so. And I say to you: whoever divorces his wife, except for sexual immorality, and marries another, commits adultery.’”
This passage is referring to divorce, but the principle can certainly be applied to all of the harsh Old Testament laws. Man deviated from God’s original plan, and thus God sent laws not to a sinless human race but to a sinful human race. If God would have said, “No slavery, no divorce, no arranged marriages, no . . .” he knew the hardness of heart within humans had no chance. Rather than tell people to recreate Eden which would have been impossible for humans to even attempt, God gave them laws on how to live in a fallen world. But none of these harsh laws are a reflection of the way God originally intended the world to be; thus the difference between the Old and New Testament, for in the New Testament God is seeking to restore things to the way they were mean to to be.
The New Testament Is Less Harsh Because the Christian’s Heart Should Be Less Hard
Therefore, one reason God seems so different in the Old Testament compared to the New Testament is because he is addressing the sinfulness of man in a deeper way. The Old Testament shows us the consequence of our sins in a very clear way. The New Testament shows us more clearly the way of escape from our sins.
The laws of the Old Testament are so harsh because God is dealing with a hardhearted people. The New Testament is the story of how God is going after the root issue, the human heart. Because God has given the world a chance to have a new heart through the gospel of Jesus Christ, many of the Old Testament laws that were meant to keep in check the old heart no longer apply (Romans 2:25-29).
As Jesus said in Matthew 19:7-9, God gave Moses harsh laws because man’s heart was hard, but this was not the way God intended it in the beginning. Now that Jesus is restoring the human heart to how God made it in the beginning, his instructions to the hard heart no longer apply. We should not follow laws directed at a sinful heart when God has now made our hearts new (Ezekiel 36:25-27), and the New Testament explains this fact over and over again (Colossians 2:13-17, Philippians 3:8-9, Galatians 2:15-21).
(In the Part 2 to this blog series, we will also see that the Old Testament laws are so harsh because God was manifestly present in the Old Testament in a different way than he is now.)
That’s the conclusion I came to as well – those rather harsh laws existed because of humankind’s sinfulness and it wouldn’t have been that way if it were not for our fallen world. When I was a small girl I used to be pretty shocked at the concept of stoning people to death in front of public, for instance, and wondered why God would allow such a thing, even if the folks sentenced to death in question really did do something wrong (which they did). But in the same Bible, in the New Testament (I believe it was in the Gospel of John or something), several men caught a lady who committed adultery and brought her to Jesus to ask him whether it was lawful to stone her or not. I’m pretty sure they just wanted to trap Him, though – but either way Jesus says, ”If any of you is without sin, let him be the first to throw a stone at her.” Then we all know what happens next: the men walk off, probably ashamed of themselves, and Jesus tells the woman to go and leave her life of sin. So if I’ve analyzed the situation correctly, this means that Jesus did not contradict the Old Testament Law at all – by the Law, the woman deserved death, yet at the same time, Jesus now offers forgiveness and the chance of repentance to all who accepts Him. I’m not really sure how to explain this in words, but I think what I mean to say is basically this: those harsher laws were necessary for certain reasons, but the ideal is repentance, forgiveness, and love.
I wish people who attack the Bible would calm down first and re-read the whole thing before coming to their own conclusions.
That’s really well said. I really like how you mentioned the woman caught in adultery and how Jesus saved her. Like you said, Jesus offers grace and forgiveness. Ultimately we all deserve death, so the gospel does for us all what Jesus did for that woman. Also, in the Old Testament, God was literally manifestly present. And so when he had the people execute judgement, it was if he himself cast the stone. Sin is against God and he is the only perfect One, so he alone has the right to execute such judgement. Jesus telling the people to cast the stone only if they are without sin is a reminder that only God has the right to execute true justice for sin.
Great thoughts Alice! You process the Bible really well!
Mark
ADAM AND eve may not have had a sinful nature but they were created ,same as the angels were created ——With freedom to make a choice.
They obviously (both) made the wrong choice. Of course it did not involved all angels.